Applied Modules: Interventions and Tools

DO PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS WORK? YES!

Brown, D. J., & Fletcher, D. (2016). Effects of Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions on Sport Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports MedicineAvailable to some and can be requested

McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2015). Psychological determinants of whole-body endurance performance. Sports Medicine45, 997-1015. Available to all

Tod, D., Edwards, C., McGuigan, M., & Lovell, G. (2015). A systematic review of the effect of cognitive strategies on strength performance. Sports Medicine45, 1589-1602. Available to all


ANXIETY AND AROUSAL MANAGEMENT

Pineschi, G., & Di Pietro, A. (2013). Anxiety management through psychophysiological techniques: Relaxation and psyching-up in sport. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action4, 181-190. Available to some

PERCEIVING ANXIETY AND OTHER EMOTIONS AS FACILITATIVE

Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999). The acquisition and development of cognitive skills and strategies: I. Making the butterflies fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 1-21. Institutional login

Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999). The effects of a multimodal intervention program on performers: II. Training the butterflies to fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 22-41. Available to some

Jones, M., Meijen, C., McCarthy, P. J., & Sheffield, D. (2009). A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 161-180. Institutional login and open access

Neil, R., Hanton, S., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2013). Seeing things in a different light: Assessing the effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention upon the further appraisals and performance of golfers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25, 106–130. Available to some

Thomas, O., Maynard, I., & Hanton, S. (2007). Intervening with athletes during the time leading up to competition: Theory to practice II. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 398-418. Available to some

GOAL SETTING

Filby, W. C., Maynard, I. W., & Graydon, J. K. (1999). The effect of multiple-goal strategies on performance outcomes in training and competition. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 230-246. Available to all

Kyllo, L. B., & Landers, D. M. (1995). Goal setting in sport and exercise: A research synthesis to resolve the controversy. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology17, 117-137. Available to some

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist57, 705-717. Available to all

O’Brien, M., Mellalieu, S., & Hanton, S. (2009). Goal-setting effects in elite and nonelite boxers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 293-306. Available to all

Wilson, K., & Brookfield, D. (2009). Effect of goal setting on motivation and adherence in a six-week exercise program. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology7, 89–100. Available to all


IF-THEN PLANS

This article in Psychology Today provides a nice overview of why if-then plans (or implementation intentions) are valuable. Two studies examining if-then plans in relation to sport performance follow.

Achtziger, A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2008). Implementation intentions and shielding goal striving from unwanted thoughts and feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin34, 381-393. Available to all

Stern, C., Cole, S., Gollwitzer, P. M., Oettingen, G., & Balcetis, E. (2013). Effects of implementation intentions on anxiety, perceived proximity, and motor performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin39, 623-635. Available to some

For a brief discussion of their potential value in endurance sports, see the Discussion of:

McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2016). Psychological demands experienced by recreational endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise PsychologyInstitution log in

IMAGERY

Cumming, J., Cooley, S. J., Anuar, N., Kosteli, M. C., Quinton, M. L., Weibull, F., & Williams, S. E. (2017). Developing imagery ability effectively: A guide to layered stimulus response training. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 8, 23-33Available to all

Cumming, J., & Williams, S.E. (2012). The role of imagery in performance. In S. Murphy (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Available to all

Curran, M. L., & Terry, P. C. (2010). What you see is what you get: A meta-analytic review of the effects of imagery in sport and exercise domains. In Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology (pp. 314-314). Australian Psychological Society. Available to all

Post, P., Muncie, S., & Simpson, D. (2012). The effects of imagery training on swimming performance: An applied investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24, 323-337. Available to some

Wakefield, C., & Smith, D. (2012). Perfecting practice: Applying the PETTLEP model of motor imagery. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action3, 1-11. Institution log in

Williams, S.E., Cooley, S.J., Newell, E., Weibull, F., & Cumming, J. (2013). Seeing the difference: developing effective imagery scripts for athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action4, 109-121Available to all

Measurement

Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2:

Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 200-221.

Callow, N., & Roberts, R (2010). Imagery research: An investigation of three issues. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 11, 325-329.

Open access articles and manuals

Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire:

Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011). Measuring athlete imagery ability: The Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 416-440. Open access article and manual

Movement Imagery Questionnaire 3:

Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin-Bates, S. M., Ramsey, R., & Hall, C. (2012). Further validation and development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34, 621-646. Open access article and open access manual

Martini, R., Carter, M. J., Yoxon, E., Cumming, J., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2016). Development and validation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire for Children (MIQ-C). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 190-201. Open access article

MULTI PSYCH SKILL INTERVENTIONS

Barwood, M. J., Thelwell, R. C., & Tipton, M. J. (2008). Psychological skills training improves exercise performance in the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise40, 387-396. Available to all

Papaioannou, A., Theodorakis, Y., Ballon, F., & Auwelle, Y. V. (2004). Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task. Perceptual and Motor Skills98, 89-99. Available to all

Sheard, M., & Golby, J. (2006). Effect of a psychological skills training program on swimming performance and positive psychological development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 149-169. Available to all
  • I don't consider this a strong study, because the effect of the intervention is not compared to a control. However, it is one of few studies to look at the effect of psychological skills training on both sport performance and wellbeing-related outcomes.
PERFORMANCE PROFILES

Butler, R. J., & Hardy, L. (1992). The performance profile: Theory and application. The Sport Psychologist6, 253-264. Available to some

Butler, R. J., Smith, M., & Irwin, I. (1993). The performance profile in practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology5, 48-63. Available to some

Butterworth, A., O’Donoghue, P., & Cropley, B. (20143). Performance profiling in sports coaching: a review. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 13, 572-593. Institution login

Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2009). Revisiting the performance profile technique: Theoretical underpinnings and application. The Sport Psychologist23, 93-117. Available to some and can be requested

Jones, G. (1993). The role of performance profiling in cognitive behavioral interventions in sport. The Sport Psychologist7, 160-160. Available to some

McCormick, A. (2014). Using solution-focused brief therapy with an amateur football team: A trainee’s case study. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review10(3), 45-57. Available to all

Weston, N. J., Greenlees, I. A., & Thelwell, R. C. (2011). Athlete perceptions of the impacts of performance profiling. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology9, 173-188. Available to all

Weston, N., Greenlees, I., & Thelwell, R. (2013). A review of Butler and Hardy's (1992) performance profiling procedure within sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology6, 1-21. Available to all

PRE-PERFORMANCE / PRE-SHOT ROUTINES

Cohn, P. J. (1990). Preperformance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 301-312. Institutional login

Cotterill, S. (2010). Pre-performance routines in sport: Current understanding and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology3, 132-153. Available to some

Cotterill, S. T. (2011). Experiences of developing pre-performance routines with elite cricket players. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action2, 81-91. Available to some

In this video, professional golfers talk the viewer through their pre-shot routines.

SELF-TALK

Blanchfield, A. W., Hardy, J., De Morree, H. M., Staiano, W., & Marcora, S. M. (2014). Talking yourself out of exhaustion: the effects of self-talk on endurance performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46, 998-1007. Available to all

Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise7, 81-97. Open access

Hardy, J., Roberts, R., & Hardy, L. (2009). Awareness and motivation to change negative self-talk. The Sport Psychologist23, 435-450. Open access

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, E., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk and competitive sport performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology26, 82-95. Available to some

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk and sports performance a meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science6, 348-356. Available to all

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk–performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise10, 186-192. Open access

Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. (2011). Effects of self-talk: A systematic review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology33, 666-687. Open access

Wallace, P. J., McKinlay, B. J., Coletta, N. A., Vlaar, J. I., Taber, M. J., Wilson, P. M., & Cheung, S. S. (2017). Effects of motivational self-talk on endurance and cognitive performance in the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49, 191-199. Open access

Useful book chapter

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Latinjak, A., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk. In A. Papaioannou & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (pp. 370-383). London, England: Taylor & Francis. Can be requested

Measurement

Hardy, J., Hall, C. R., & Hardy, L. (2005). Quantifying athlete self-talk. Journal of Sports Sciences23, 905-917. Open access

Theodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2008). Self-talk: It works, but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of self-talk questionnaire. Measurement in Physical education and exercise Science12, 10-30. Available to some

Zervas, Y., Stavrou, N. A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology19, 142-159. Available to some

Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Chroni, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Papaioannou, A. (2009). Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (ASTQS): Development and preliminary validation of a measure identifying the structure of athletes’ self-talk. The Sport Psychologist23, 233-251. Open access Request the questionnaire itself from here

YOUTH ATHLETES

Foster, D., Maynard, I., Butt, J., & Hays, K. (2016). Delivery of psychological skills training to youngsters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28, 62-77. Institution login

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