DO PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS WORK? YES!
Brown, D. J., & Fletcher, D. (2016). Effects of Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions on Sport Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine. Available to some and can be requested
McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2015). Psychological determinants of whole-body endurance performance. Sports Medicine, 45, 997-1015. Available to all
Tod, D., Edwards, C., McGuigan, M., & Lovell, G. (2015). A systematic review of the effect of cognitive strategies on strength performance. Sports Medicine, 45, 1589-1602. Available to all
ANXIETY AND AROUSAL MANAGEMENT
Pineschi, G., & Di Pietro, A. (2013). Anxiety management through psychophysiological techniques: Relaxation and psyching-up in sport. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 4, 181-190. Available to some
PERCEIVING ANXIETY AND OTHER EMOTIONS AS FACILITATIVE
Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999). The acquisition and development of cognitive skills and strategies: I. Making the butterflies fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 1-21. Institutional login
Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999). The effects of a multimodal intervention program on performers: II. Training the butterflies to fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 22-41. Available to some
Jones, M., Meijen, C., McCarthy, P. J., & Sheffield, D. (2009). A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 161-180. Institutional login and open access
Neil, R., Hanton, S., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2013). Seeing things in a different light: Assessing the effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention upon the further appraisals and performance of golfers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25, 106–130. Available to some
Thomas, O., Maynard, I., & Hanton, S. (2007). Intervening with athletes during the time leading up to competition: Theory to practice II. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 398-418. Available to some
GOAL SETTING
Filby, W. C., Maynard, I. W., & Graydon, J. K. (1999). The effect of multiple-goal strategies on performance outcomes in training and competition. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 230-246. Available to all
Kyllo, L. B., & Landers, D. M. (1995). Goal setting in sport and exercise: A research synthesis to resolve the controversy. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 117-137. Available to some
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705-717. Available to all
O’Brien, M., Mellalieu, S., & Hanton, S. (2009). Goal-setting effects in elite and nonelite boxers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 293-306. Available to all
Wilson, K., & Brookfield, D. (2009). Effect of goal setting on motivation and adherence in a six-week exercise program. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7, 89–100. Available to all
IF-THEN PLANS
For a brief discussion of their potential value in endurance sports, see the Discussion of:
McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2016). Psychological demands experienced by recreational endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Institution log in
IMAGERY
This article in Psychology Today provides a nice overview of why if-then plans (or implementation intentions) are valuable. Two studies examining if-then plans in relation to sport performance follow.
Achtziger, A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2008). Implementation intentions and shielding goal striving from unwanted thoughts and feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 381-393. Available to all
Stern, C., Cole, S., Gollwitzer, P. M., Oettingen, G., & Balcetis, E. (2013). Effects of implementation intentions on anxiety, perceived proximity, and motor performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 623-635. Available to some
For a brief discussion of their potential value in endurance sports, see the Discussion of:
McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2016). Psychological demands experienced by recreational endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Institution log in
Cumming, J., Cooley, S. J., Anuar, N., Kosteli, M. C., Quinton, M. L., Weibull, F., & Williams, S. E. (2017). Developing imagery ability effectively: A guide to layered stimulus response training. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 8, 23-33. Available to all
Cumming, J., & Williams, S.E. (2012). The role of imagery in performance. In S. Murphy (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Available to all
Curran, M. L., & Terry, P. C. (2010). What you see is what you get: A meta-analytic review of the effects of imagery in sport and exercise domains. In Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology (pp. 314-314). Australian Psychological Society. Available to all
Post, P., Muncie, S., & Simpson, D. (2012). The effects of imagery training on swimming performance: An applied investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24, 323-337. Available to some
Wakefield, C., & Smith, D. (2012). Perfecting practice: Applying the PETTLEP model of motor imagery. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 3, 1-11. Institution log in
Measurement
Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2:
Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 200-221.
Callow, N., & Roberts, R (2010). Imagery research: An investigation of three issues. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 11, 325-329.
Open access articles and manuals
Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire:
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011). Measuring athlete imagery ability: The Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 416-440. Open access article and manual
Movement Imagery Questionnaire 3:
Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin-Bates, S. M., Ramsey, R., & Hall, C. (2012). Further validation and development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34, 621-646. Open access article and open access manual
Martini, R., Carter, M. J., Yoxon, E., Cumming, J., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2016). Development and validation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire for Children (MIQ-C). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 190-201. Open access article
MULTI PSYCH SKILL INTERVENTIONS
Barwood, M. J., Thelwell, R. C., & Tipton, M. J. (2008). Psychological skills training improves exercise performance in the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 40, 387-396. Available to all
Papaioannou, A., Theodorakis, Y., Ballon, F., & Auwelle, Y. V. (2004). Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 89-99. Available to all
Sheard, M., & Golby, J. (2006). Effect of a psychological skills training program on swimming performance and positive psychological development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 149-169. Available to all
Papaioannou, A., Theodorakis, Y., Ballon, F., & Auwelle, Y. V. (2004). Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 89-99. Available to all
Sheard, M., & Golby, J. (2006). Effect of a psychological skills training program on swimming performance and positive psychological development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 149-169. Available to all
- I don't consider this a strong study, because the effect of the intervention is not compared to a control. However, it is one of few studies to look at the effect of psychological skills training on both sport performance and wellbeing-related outcomes.
Butler, R. J., & Hardy, L. (1992). The performance profile: Theory and application. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 253-264. Available to some
Butler, R. J., Smith, M., & Irwin, I. (1993). The performance profile in practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5, 48-63. Available to some
Butterworth, A., O’Donoghue, P., & Cropley, B. (20143). Performance profiling in sports coaching: a review. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 13, 572-593. Institution login
Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2009). Revisiting the performance profile technique: Theoretical underpinnings and application. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 93-117. Available to some and can be requested
Jones, G. (1993). The role of performance profiling in cognitive behavioral interventions in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 7, 160-160. Available to some
McCormick, A. (2014). Using solution-focused brief therapy with an amateur football team: A trainee’s case study. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 10(3), 45-57. Available to all
Weston, N. J., Greenlees, I. A., & Thelwell, R. C. (2011). Athlete perceptions of the impacts of performance profiling. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9, 173-188. Available to all
Weston, N., Greenlees, I., & Thelwell, R. (2013). A review of Butler and Hardy's (1992) performance profiling procedure within sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 1-21. Available to all
Cohn, P. J. (1990). Preperformance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 301-312. Institutional login
SELF-TALK
Blanchfield, A. W., Hardy, J., De Morree, H. M., Staiano, W., & Marcora, S. M. (2014). Talking yourself out of exhaustion: the effects of self-talk on endurance performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46, 998-1007. Available to all
Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 81-97. Open access
Hardy, J., Roberts, R., & Hardy, L. (2009). Awareness and motivation to change negative self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 435-450. Open access
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, E., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk and competitive sport performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26, 82-95. Available to some
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk and sports performance a meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 348-356. Available to all
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk–performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 186-192. Open access
Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. (2011). Effects of self-talk: A systematic review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 666-687. Open access
Wallace, P. J., McKinlay, B. J., Coletta, N. A., Vlaar, J. I., Taber, M. J., Wilson, P. M., & Cheung, S. S. (2017). Effects of motivational self-talk on endurance and cognitive performance in the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49, 191-199. Open access
Useful book chapter
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Latinjak, A., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk. In A. Papaioannou & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (pp. 370-383). London, England: Taylor & Francis. Can be requested
Measurement
Hardy, J., Hall, C. R., & Hardy, L. (2005). Quantifying athlete self-talk. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, 905-917. Open access
Theodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2008). Self-talk: It works, but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of self-talk questionnaire. Measurement in Physical education and exercise Science, 12, 10-30. Available to some
Zervas, Y., Stavrou, N. A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 142-159. Available to some
Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Chroni, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Papaioannou, A. (2009). Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (ASTQS): Development and preliminary validation of a measure identifying the structure of athletes’ self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 233-251. Open access Request the questionnaire itself from here
Foster, D., Maynard, I., Butt, J., & Hays, K. (2016). Delivery of psychological skills training to youngsters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28, 62-77. Institution login
McCormick, A. (2014). Using solution-focused brief therapy with an amateur football team: A trainee’s case study. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 10(3), 45-57. Available to all
Weston, N. J., Greenlees, I. A., & Thelwell, R. C. (2011). Athlete perceptions of the impacts of performance profiling. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9, 173-188. Available to all
Weston, N., Greenlees, I., & Thelwell, R. (2013). A review of Butler and Hardy's (1992) performance profiling procedure within sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 1-21. Available to all
PRE-PERFORMANCE / PRE-SHOT ROUTINES
Cohn, P. J. (1990). Preperformance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 301-312. Institutional login
Cotterill, S. (2010). Pre-performance routines in sport: Current understanding and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 132-153. Available to some
Cotterill, S. T. (2011). Experiences of developing pre-performance routines with elite cricket players. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2, 81-91. Available to some
In this video, professional golfers talk the viewer through their pre-shot routines.
In this video, professional golfers talk the viewer through their pre-shot routines.
SELF-TALK
Blanchfield, A. W., Hardy, J., De Morree, H. M., Staiano, W., & Marcora, S. M. (2014). Talking yourself out of exhaustion: the effects of self-talk on endurance performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46, 998-1007. Available to all
Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 81-97. Open access
Hardy, J., Roberts, R., & Hardy, L. (2009). Awareness and motivation to change negative self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 435-450. Open access
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, E., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk and competitive sport performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26, 82-95. Available to some
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk and sports performance a meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 348-356. Available to all
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk–performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 186-192. Open access
Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. (2011). Effects of self-talk: A systematic review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 666-687. Open access
Wallace, P. J., McKinlay, B. J., Coletta, N. A., Vlaar, J. I., Taber, M. J., Wilson, P. M., & Cheung, S. S. (2017). Effects of motivational self-talk on endurance and cognitive performance in the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49, 191-199. Open access
Useful book chapter
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Latinjak, A., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk. In A. Papaioannou & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (pp. 370-383). London, England: Taylor & Francis. Can be requested
Measurement
Hardy, J., Hall, C. R., & Hardy, L. (2005). Quantifying athlete self-talk. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, 905-917. Open access
Theodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2008). Self-talk: It works, but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of self-talk questionnaire. Measurement in Physical education and exercise Science, 12, 10-30. Available to some
Zervas, Y., Stavrou, N. A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 142-159. Available to some
Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Chroni, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Papaioannou, A. (2009). Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (ASTQS): Development and preliminary validation of a measure identifying the structure of athletes’ self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 233-251. Open access Request the questionnaire itself from here
YOUTH ATHLETES
Foster, D., Maynard, I., Butt, J., & Hays, K. (2016). Delivery of psychological skills training to youngsters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28, 62-77. Institution login
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